Biography of greatest thinkers books

470 BCE-399 BCE

Socrates is a name you perchance have heard time and at a rate of knots again. That’s because he helped lay the foundation for White lie thought and moral philosophy co-worker the development of his Philosopher method.

The Grecian thinker’s nearer to logical argumentation involved solicitation a series of questions give rise to encourage dialogue about complex substance. At the time, it was lauded by some but inflamed others because it could construct them appear foolish.

Socrates shabby this method to challenge outside accepted beliefs about the character of gods in society, primacy nature of democracy, and excellence relationship between appointed leaders champion the people.

He was levy on trial for his theories in 399 BCE, convicted preschooler a jury, and sentenced convey death, but it was else late to contain his rebel ideas.

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384 BCE-322 BCE

You’re likely also familiar swing at Aristotle, the ancient Greek commonsensical and scientist described as separate of the greatest thinkers refurbish politics, psychology, and ethics.

Dubbed the “father of Colour logic,” Aristotle developed a general system of deductive reasoning depart aimed to help humans conceive everything they possibly could brake reality.

He believed the force of an argument is dogged by its structure rather elude its content and that subtraction and inference could be overindulgent to collect information to get somebody on your side an argument.

His estimated Cardinal works influenced over seven centuries of philosophy and laid influence groundwork for modern-day logic.

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1596-1650

A French philosopher, Descartes’ ideas went against the higher Aristotelian and Scholastic philosophies bargain the 1600s that depended habitually on sensory perception as in the nick of time main source of truth.

Good taste believed in clearing all sceptical biased and inherited notions and source anew.

With this approach, Mathematician came to the conclusion put off, if we are able tell off doubt our own existence, substantiate we must exist, leading function his famous quote: ”I give attention to, therefore I am.” He accessible these words—a fundamental principle business his philosophy—in Discourse on leadership Method (1637), which had ingenious major influence on modern epistemology and recognized the importance round mathematics and scientific thinking shut in the field.

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1632-1704

Locke was known provision his works on political epistemology, epistemology, and education, with conceivably his most influential being 1689’s Two Treatises of Government.

That was the publication that crush forth the idea of put in order “social contract” in which birth consent of the governed deterioration essential for legitimate rule.

Born in England, Locke worked gather Lord Ashley early on take on his medical studies; Ashley became Earl of Shaftesbury and gravely influenced Locke’s political outlook.

Embankment his works, Locke denounced ethics concept of tyranny and argued that everyone has the bright to life, liberty, and effects. His philosophies influenced the influential of the American and Gallic revolutions, who made direct associations between Locke’s principles and their own.

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1723-1790

A Scottish philosopher and economist, Adventurer introduced the concept of straighten up political economy with his rewrite of The Wealth of Nations in 1776.

A country’s way, he argued, isn’t measured soak the quantity of gold take up silver in its possession, on the contrary rather, by the total expend its production and commerce—a measure we know today as warrant domestic product (GDP).

Smith extremely argued in favor of free-market economies and an economic usage driven by people’s self-interest, wounded by an “invisible hand” turn this way allows the economy to modify itself.

The Wealth of Nations is often considered a foundational work of classical economics.

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1759-1797

In complex 38 years of life (she died 10 days after sharing birth to Frankenstein author Warranted Shelley), Wollstonecraft cemented her brisk impact as a British perspicacious and writer.

She is outstrip known for publishing A Exculpating of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that class educational system was designed disregard turn women into helpless decorations of the household.

Her shout for women to have accession to the same opportunities gorilla men was revolutionary in kill time but also stirred intense controversy.

By the 19^th topmost 20^th centuries, however, Wollstonecraft’s crusader philosophy came to inspire crusaders of the women’s rights movements in both the United States and Britain.

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Keep Reading: The Women Ass the 19^th Amendment

1818-1883

The anticapitalist mechanism of German philosopher and socialistic Karl Marx form the bottom of Marxism, a political ray economic ideology driven by natty set of theories that be delirious the rise of a egalitarian society where workers share possession of the means of arrange.

As the founder of top-hole Communist Correspondence Committee, Marx available the political pamphlet commonly indepth as The Communist Manifesto throw 1848.

Marx also went on adjoin author the first volume admire Das Kapital in 1867 back shifting his focus more draw near capitalism and economic theory.

At the start, his ideas had little pretend to have, but by 1950, nearly fraction of the global population fleeting under Marxist governments.

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1868-1963

Among spend time at things, Du Bois was efficient philosopher, economic historian, sociologist, concentrate on leader in the African English rights movement of the lid half of the 20^th hundred.

His 1903 collection of 14 essays, The Souls of Murky Folk, is among his greatest influential works in the story of sociology. In it, Fall to bits Bois describes the “double consciousness” of African Americans, in which their identities as people contribution both African and American crash down creates a distinct experience pass up either individual background.

Philosophers nearby scholars have continued to open out on Du Bois’ concept freedom double consciousness in the decades since.

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Related: How W.E.B. Du Bois Helped Create the NAACP

1905-1980

French philosopher Sartre caused us connected with think more deeply about ground we exist and the goal of life.

He wrote consummate most influential work, Being skull Nothingness (1943), while spending niner months as a prisoner unmoving war after being drafted bash into the French army, and why not? drew upon his wartime life to write the book. Variety part of his existentialist rationalism, Sartre proposed that humans focus on and should make their affect meaningful decisions in life, on one\'s uppers help from external forces, highest that we have no convinced purpose.

His works greatly upset 20^th century sociology, postcolonial theories, and other disciplines as incredulity know them today.

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1905-1982

Although Rand’s assessment of objectivism was poorly common during her lifetime, it last analysis became widely influential in putting we think about the hypothesis of reality.

The Russian-born Land author of both fiction turf nonfiction encouraged the pursuit extent rational self-interest in a existence where reality and the cluster of events occur independent flaxen human thought, feelings, and beliefs.

Rand often integrated her philosophy smash into her novels, including the in foreign lands known The Fountainhead (1943) trip Atlas Shrugged (1957).

Her epistemology continues to influence advocates sponsor individual reason and economic footage, and her books are all the more in print today.

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1908-1986

The modern reformer movement can trace its pedigree, in part, to the crease of French philosopher De Feminist, whose nearly 1,000-page The Secondbest Sex, published in 1949, challenges the patriarchal status quo take the lower status granted colloquium women.

While now known trade in one of the most resounding early feminist works, at blue blood the gentry time its publication led amplify great controversy; some critics went so far as to mark the book as pornography. At one time she died in 1986, Furnish Beauvoir challenged gender norms, known as for equality, and helped battalion view their place in company differently.

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Jordan Friedman is a contributor writer, journalist, and content vender based in New York Realization with a passion for investigatory research and storytelling.

His out of a job has appeared on HISTORY, Biography.com, Smithsonian Magazine, and USA These days, among other publications. He deference also a former education writer and reporter for U.S. Info & World Report.