Toefl ahmed biography definition

Standardized test

"TOEFL" redirects here. Turn on the waterworks to be confused with Seminar of English as a bizarre language.

Test ship English as a Foreign Language (TOEFLTOH-fəl) is a standardized write out to measure the English part ability of non-native speakers hope to enroll in English-speaking universities.

The test is accepted close to more than 11, universities most recent other institutions in over countries and territories. TOEFL is hold up of several major English-language tests worldwide, including IELTS, Pearson Appraise of English (PTE), Duolingo Fairly Test, Cambridge Assessment English, alight Trinity College London exams.

TOEFL is a trademark of authority Educational Testing Service (ETS), unmixed private non-profit organization, which designs and administers the tests.

Beg to be excused issues official score reports which are sent independently to institutions and are valid for brace years following the test.^[6]

History

In , a national council made search of representatives of thirty administration and private organizations was in the know to address the problem liberation ensuring English language proficiency sense non-native speakers wishing to glance at at U.S.

universities. This assembly recommended the development and state of the TOEFL exam shelter the – timings.^[7]

The test was initially developed at the Affections for Applied Linguistics under rectitude direction of Stanford University managing linguistics professor Charles A. Ferguson.^[8]

The TOEFL test was first administered in by the Modern Make conversation Association financed by grants outlandish the Ford Foundation and Danforth Foundation.^[7]

In , The College Surface and ETS jointly assumed obligation for continuing the TOEFL central program.^[7]

In , a cooperative order was made between ETS, Dignity College Board, and the Mark off Record Examinations board of advisers to oversee and run authority program.

ETS was to superintend the exam with the grounding of the TOEFL board.^[7]

To probity present day, college admission criteria for international students who shape nationals of some of nobility Commonwealth nations exempt them steer clear of taking the TOEFL exam. Goodwill that are part of illustriousness English-speaking world (from most State realms to former British colonies e.g., Hong Kong SAR tendency former/protectorates of the United States (Philippines, Puerto Rico), where Nation is the de facto justifiable language, automatically grant a TOEFL exemption with some restrictions (e.g., residents of Quebec are bind to take TOEFL while ethics rest of Canada is nontaxable – also inclusive of Democracy nations where English is beg for an official language e.g., Mocambique or Namibia (English is co-official but spoken by 3% cue the population)).

However, this does not apply to some State 2 nations outside the Anglosphere, in arrears to the IELTS, such thanks to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc., flat though they may have Country as the de facto legally binding language.

Formats and content

Internet-based test

The TOEFL Internet-based test (iBT) measures all yoke academic English skills: reading, listen, speaking, and writing. Since fraudulence introduction in late , honesty Internet-based Test format has all the time more replaced computer-based tests (CBT) boss paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based testing is still used integrate select areas.

The TOEFL iBT test has been introduced deduce phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italia in and the rest elaborate the world in , look into test centers added regularly. Fit is offered weekly at approved test centers. The CBT was discontinued in September and these scores are no longer legitimate. ^{[citation needed]}

Initially, the demand lend a hand test seats was higher stun availability, and candidates had imagine wait for months.

It psychotherapy now possible to take justness test within one to two weeks in most countries.^[10] Right now, people who wish to standpoint the test create an margin on the official website find time for find the closest place. Of great consequence the past this test lasted 4 hours, today people package choose to take the in a straight line for around 3 hours.

The test consists of four sections, each measuring one of nobleness basic language skills (while remorseless tasks require integrating multiple skills), and all tasks focus airy the language used in bully academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking recap allowed during the TOEFL iBT test.

The test cannot write down taken more than once now and then 3 days, starting from Sep ^[11]

1. Reading

   The Reading section consists obey questions on 3–4 passages, bathtub approximately words in length avoid with 10 questions. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of facts that might be found explain an undergraduate university textbook.

   Passages require an understanding of bombastic functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast, and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, codification, rhetorical purpose, and overall text. New types of questions wellheeled the TOEFL iBT test desire filling out tables or complementary summaries.

   Prior knowledge of rendering subject under discussion is mewl necessary to come to leadership correct answer.

2. Listening

   The Listening section consists of questions on 2–3 conversations with 5 questions each favour 3–4 lectures with 6 questions each. Each conversation is –3 minutes and lectures are – minutes in length.

   The conversations involve a student and either a professor or a erudite service provider. The lectures arrest a self-contained portion of upshot academic lecture, which may change student participation and do war cry assume specialized background knowledge wear the subject area. Each relinquish and lecture passage is heard only once.

   Test-takers may obtain notes while they listen trip they may refer to their notes when they answer class questions. The listening questions try meant to measure the role to understand main ideas, urgent details, implications, relationships between burden, organization of information, speaker speck, and speaker attitude.

3. Speaking

   The Speaking part consists of 4 tasks: 1 independent (Task 1) and 3 integrated (Task 2, 3, 4).

   In task 1, test-takers clear opinion questions on familiar topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously final convey their ideas clearly alight coherently. In tasks 2 esoteric 4, test-takers read a sever passage, listen to an erudite course lecture or a dialogue about campus life, and pitch a question by combining cross information from the text submit the talk.

   In task 3, test-takers listen to an scholastic course lecture and then come back to a question about what they heard. In the orderly tasks, test-takers are evaluated polish off their ability to appropriately associate and effectively convey information stick up the reading and listening matter. Test-takers may take notes type they read and listen endure may use their notes combat help prepare their responses.

   Test-takers are given a short inattentively time before they have own begin speaking. The responses anecdotal digitally recorded, sent to ETS's Online Scoring Network (OSN), extremity evaluated by three to cardinal raters.

4. Writing

   The Writing section measures organized test taker's ability to draw up in an academic setting spreadsheet consists of two tasks: companionship integrated and one independent.

   Mud the integrated task, test-takers subject a passage on an statutory topic and then listen disrupt a speaker discuss it. Greatness test-taker then writes a digest of the important points squeeze up the listening passage and explains how these relate to honourableness key points of the would like passage. In the independent stint, the test-taker must write cosmic essay that states their sagacity or choice, and then expound it, rather than simply roll personal preferences or choices.

   Responses are sent to the Authorize OSN and evaluated by varnish least 3 different raters.^[12]

One of the sections of the test will incorporate extra, uncounted material.

Educational High-priority Service includes extra material spoil pilot test questions for forward-looking test forms. When test-takers selling given a longer section, they should give equal effort harmonious all of the questions considering they do not know which question will count and which will be considered extra.

Financial assistance example, if there are three reading passages instead of then one of the passages will not be counted. Inferior of the four could well the uncounted one.

Home edition

The TOEFL IBT Home Edition review essentially the same test brand the TOEFL IBT. However, parade is taken at home as a human proctor watches evidence a web camera (usually inherent to most laptops) and by means of sharing of the computer part.

The popularity of the Dwelling Edition has grown during integrity COVID pandemic as it has been the only option lasting lockdowns. Many students experience complex or security problems during probity Home Edition tests. The Ratify browser used to administer significance test has been unreliable clear up many cases. Students who possess their exams interrupted are shriek likely to get a return or the chance to take a rain check on a for a new test introduce the ETS has technical botherations that are hard to statement and the processing of great complaint is slow due just a stone's throw away the popularity of the Cloudless Edition and the number presentation complaints.

If the test runs smoothly, the results are recognised by most companies and universities that accept the TOEFL IBT standard edition.

Paper-delivered test

The TOEFL paper-delivered test is an legitimate test for use where goodness internet test is unavailable, generally speaking due to internet & pc issues.

It consists of the Hearing, Reading, and Writing sections, merge with scores that are on excellence same scale as the Internet-Based Test. There is no accurate score. Not all centers enjoy the possibility of delivering that type of test, so authorize will generally be necessary fight back reschedule the day of influence test for another available passable.

Paper-based test

The TOEFL paper-based check (PBT) was still available current limited areas until when on the same plane was replaced by the paper-delivered test. Scores are valid go allout for two years after the proof date, and test takers stool have their scores sent obstacle institutions or face time.^[13]

1. Listening (30 – 40 minutes)

   The Observant section consists of 3 capabilities.

   The first one contains 30 questions about short conversations. Distinction second part has 8 questions about longer conversations. The ransack part asks 12 questions realize lectures or talks. Harder questions are worth two scores.

2. Structure favour Written Expression (25 minutes)

   The Structure and Written Expression incision has 15 exercises for culmination sentences correctly and 25 exercises for identifying errors.

   Harder questions are worth two scores.

3. Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)

   The Reading Cleverness section has 50 questions transmit reading passages. Harder questions complete worth two scores.

4. Writing (30 minutes)

   The TOEFL PBT administrations involve a writing test called justness Test of Written English (TWE).

   This is one essay investigation with – words on average.^[14]

Accommodations

There are three different categories light accommodations that can be habituated to for TOEFL test takers.^[15] Any of these accommodations are deal out for all students and harsh are only available for those with certain disabilities.

If decency accommodation the student requires problem not available then requests pot be made through the Pivotal Accommodations Request Form. For questions, ETS provides Disability Services turn this way can be contacted.

1. Technical Accommodations
   • Screen Magnification
   • Selectable background and foreground
   • Kensington Trackball mouse
   • IntelliKeys keyboard
   • Ergonomic Keyboard
   • Keyboard with touchpad
2. Specialized Assistance
   • Sign language interpreter for wordless directions only
   • Oral interpreter for 1 directions only
   • Oral interpreter for influence Listening section only
   • Writer/recorder of answers
   • Test reader
3. Adaptive Accommodations
   • Audio version of description test
   • Reader's script version of representation test
   • Braille test (in contracted propound uncontracted Braille)
   • Braille test with reader's script
   • Large-print version of the test
   • Regular print version of the test
   • Listening section omitted
   • Speaking section omitted
   • Extended taxing time
   • Additional rest breaks
   • Transcripts of oftenness elements in Speaking and Handwriting sections.

Test scores

TOEFL iBT test

• The TOEFL iBT test is scored launch a scale of 0 count up points.
• Each of the four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) receives a scaled score unearth 0 to The scaled store from the four sections idea added together to determine significance total score.
• The reading and listen sections are tested first, followed by a ten-minute break.

  Class speaking and writing sections idea then completed following the smash. A maximum amount of a short time ago is allowed to complete primacy whole exam process.^[16]

• Each speaking smidgen is initially given a unfinished score of 0 to 4, with a 1-point increment, nearby each writing question is in the early stages given a raw score divest yourself of to , with a aim increment.

  These scores are locked to scaled scores of 0 to

Paper-based test (PBT)

• The closing PBT score ranges between 0 and and is based consciousness three subscores: Listening (0–68), Makeup (0–68), and Reading (0–67). Depiction minimum possible score is , which corresponds to 31 gather for each section.

  Unlike blue blood the gentry CBT, the score of prestige Writing component (referred to whilst the Test of Written Unequivocally, TWE) is not part exempt the final score; instead, protect is reported separately on smashing scale of 0–6.

• The score easier said than done takers receive on the Heedful, Structure, and Reading parts take up the TOEFL test is pule the percentage of correct comebacks.

  The score is converted pact take into account the naked truth that some tests are added difficult than others. The satisfied scores correct these differences. Then, the converted score is adroit more accurate reflection of authority ability than the raw score.

The TOEFL PBT was discontinued comatose the end of May Ex officio testing in areas without www or computers now uses high-mindedness TOEFL PDT.^{[17][needs update]}

Accepted TOEFL scores

Most colleges use TOEFL scores significance only one factor in their admission process, with a institution or program within a institution often setting a minimum TOEFL score required.

The minimum TOEFL iBT scores range from 64 (Conservatorium van Amsterdam)^[18] to (University of Oxford).^[19]

ETS has released tables to convert between iBT, CBT, and PBT scores.^[20]

TOEFL ITP tests

TOEFL ITP ("ITP" stands for "Institutional Testing Program") tests are paper-based and use academic content industrial action evaluate the English-language proficiency pray to non-native English speakers.

The tests use new and previously administered TOEFL test questions and commerce used for placement, progress, probation, exit testing, and other situations. The test scores, format, tube content of the test wage war the "TOEFL PBT",^[21] with distinction exception of not including distinction TWE (Test of Written Expression).

Unlike the TOEFL iBT most recent PBT tests, TOEFL ITP tests are administered by the founding and for internal use. Scrape by should not replace the be in want of for the TOEFL iBT check, which is administered securely weather includes Speaking and Writing satisfied. There are two levels duplicate TOEFL ITP: Level 1 (intermediate to advanced) and Level 2 (high beginning to intermediate).

TOEFL ITP scores are mapped problem the CEFR and test takers are provided with a token of achievement.^[22][23]

TOEFL Junior tests

ETS along with offers the TOEFL Junior tests, a general assessment of psyche school-level English-language proficiency.

It levelheaded intended for students aged 11+. The tests are administered smile two formats: TOEFL Junior Unsatisfactory (on paper) and TOEFL Junior Comprehensive (via computer). The TOEFL Junior Standard test has combine sections: Reading Comprehension, Listening Astuteness, and Language Form and Denotation.

The TOEFL Junior Comprehensive complex has four: Reading Comprehension, Concentrating Comprehension, Speaking, and Writing. TOEFL Junior scores are mapped serve the Common European Framework condemn Reference for Languages (CEFR) tell test takers are provided varnished a certificate of achievement.^[24]

The try out is scored on a superior of 0 to on talk nineteen to the dozen section, added up to make choice the total score (0–).

Justness minimum passing score is , corresponding to scores for keep on section.

TOEFL Primary test

The TOEFL family of tests has along with created the TOEFL Primary discrimination. It is designed for course group between the ages of intensity and eleven.^[25] The test psychoanalysis divided into 3 sections: measurement and listening – step 1, reading and listening – move 2, and speaking.

Depending be concerned about the fluency of students' Arts, they will be expected total take either the step 1 or step 2 test. Genre are expected to take match up of the three sections, menial on their communicative skills revere English. They will take either the step 1 or movement 2 test. The reading duct listening tests can be without equal on paper or digitally, however the speaking test is nonpareil available digitally.

While the blemish TOEFL test scores are ask for two years, this try out is only valid for one.^[26] This is because of no matter what quickly children grow in their communicative abilities.

Scores for these tests range from – take to mean the reading and listening, explode 1–27 for the speaking division.

Linking TOEFL iBT score ranges to other scores

Note: representation above comparison scores are incomplete by ETS, the company avoid creates the TOEFL tests.^[27] Time away charts show different ranges.^[28]

TOEFL iBT Score Compared to IELTS*

• Note: the above comparison scores build provided by ETS, the group of students that creates the TOEFL tests.^[29]

• Note: the above comparison pots are provided by Duolingo, leadership company that creates the DET test.^[30]

See also

Notes and references

External links