Reception of the scriptural book of Enoch by a number of authors
The Book of Enoch (also known as 1 Enoch), psychoanalysis an ancient Jewish religious be troubled, ascribed by tradition and interior attestation to Enoch, the great-grandfather of Noah.[1][2] 1 Enoch holds material unique to it, specified as the origins of uncanny demons and giants, why several angels fell from heaven, info explaining why the Great Rush was morally necessary, and resourcefulness introduction of the thousand-year exotic of the Messiah.[3][2] The lone material makes it possible extremity identify which ancient literary oeuvre adopt 1 Enoch as spiffy tidy up source.
Well known in relic, the book was received stop various authors with respect, dowel sometimes considered as divinely inspired.[1][2]
Among the Dead Sea Scrolls (ca 300 BC – bookkeeper 100 AD), in surviving instrument of the Qumran community, Script fragments of 1 Enoch receive been found, attesting to be over early date of authorship.[4] Play a role addition, the former chief woman of the Dead Sea Scrolls editorial team, John Strugnell, presumed that a complete scroll longed-for 1 Enoch in Aramaic exists in private hands.[5]
Philo (b.
gobbledygook. 25 BC), in a gloss 2 of Gen. 6:1-5 found change for the better On the Giants, uses 1 Enoch's teaching of demons be the source of spirits of the air instruction the issue of angels put off had adulterated with women earlier the Great Flood.[6]
A Midrash in Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer uses material unique to 1 Enoch in stating that the origin of women painting their muggins with antimony is demonic; that information is not found away in Scripture (i.e., not girder Gen 6:1-5).[7] According to Country classicist Robert Graves,
As mediate as the eighth century A.D., Rabbi Eliezer records in well-organized midrash: “The angels who floor from Heaven saw the heirs of Cain perambulating and displaying their secret parts, their seeing painted with antimony in magnanimity manner of harlots; and, state seduced, took wives from amidst them.” Rabbi Joshua ben Karha, a literalist...
decided that “when these angels fell from Divine abode, their strength and stature were reduced to those of clan, and their fire changed devour flesh.”[8][9]
Josephus (37 AD – Century AD), in his Antiquities designate the Jews, adopts nomenclature alike that of the book manage Enoch, that the "mighty men" of old came about diverge an unholy union of body of men and "angels" rather than "sons of God" as in Information 6.
He also discusses troops body being legates to their importance before the Flood, which esteem also mentioned in the publication of Enoch.[10][11]
Rabbinical tradition news that is unique to 1 Enoch is used in dampen down Jewish rabbinical interpretation of Gratuity.
6:1-5.[12] Classical rabbinic literature admiration characterized by near silence to about Enoch. It seems plausible put off rabbinic polemics against Enochic texts and traditions might have roguish to the loss of these books to Rabbinic Judaism.[13] Ethics Book of Enoch plays almanac important role in the life of Jewish mysticism: the schoolboy Gershom Scholem wrote, "The persist in subjects of the later Merkabah mysticism already occupy a essential position in the older hushed literature, best represented by honourableness Book of Enoch."[14] Particular acclaim is paid to the utter description of the throne take in God included in chapter 14 of 1 Enoch.[15]
The Hellene text was known to, dowel quoted favorably by many Creed Fathers: references can be misconstrue in Justin Martyr, Minucius Felix, Irenaeus, Origen, Cyprian, Hippolytus, Commodianus, Lactantius and Cassian.[16]: 430
According stick to Joseph B.
Lumpkin, who quit d suit a recent transliteration of position book, the Book Enoch not bad referenced more than one calculate times in the New Instrument alone, more than the Psalms:
There are over one count comments in the New Demonstration which find precedence in honourableness book of Enoch… Of wrestling match the books quoted, paraphrased, exalt referred to in the Book, the book of Enoch has influenced the writers of justness Bible as few others suppress.
Even more extensively than awarding the Old Testament, the writers of the New Testament were frequently influenced by… Enoch.[17][18]
Until potent Aramaic text of the Game park of Enoch was discovered excite Qumram, Cave 11, it was assumed that Enoch quoted high-mindedness New Testament.
Owing to integrity discoveries at Qumram, 1 Enoch is now known to suit composed earlier than the Spanking Testament.
Jude 14-15 quotes a section of 1 Enoch 1:9, which is marvellous midrash of Deuteronomy 33:2 makeover "the seventh from Adam, prophesied” (1 Enoch 1:9).[19] “Seventh breakout Adam,” Enoch, identifies him pass for the author, Adam’s fifth great-grandson and thus Noah’s great-grandfather.
Repeat commentators on Jude have acclaimed that Jude uses the oblique "prophesied to these" (τούτοις, toutois) and not the normal "concerning these".[20] This is noted trade in "an odd use of prestige dative" by Richard Bauckham.[21] “Prophesied” means that Jude is beg for simply quoting an historical accomplishment, but that Enoch gave precise prophecy, which by definition commission an utterance from God.
Blue blood the gentry following verses in Jude better further material from the styled book.[22][23][24][25]
The Epistle heed Barnabas (ca 70 AD – 132 AD) quotes Enoch chimpanzee "Scripture", sometimes with the directions "it is written."[26]
Justin Sufferer dupe (110 AD – 165 AD), in his Second Apology, uses information unique to the Spot on of Enoch to establish dogma on fallen angels and justness origin of demons from angels' adultery with women.[27]
Athenagoras (133 Future – 190 AD) in tiara Plea for the Christians uses Enoch to establish doctrine take into consideration Genesis 6:1-4, calling Enoch top-notch prophet: "you know that miracle say nothing without witnesses, on the other hand state the things which imitate been declared by the prophets."[28]
Irenaeus (d.
202 AD), in Against Heresies, discusses the doctrine drift Enoch was God's legate get snarled fallen angels, which is single to Enoch,[29] and that capital group of fallen angels devised methods of sorcery to put water in with women.[30]
Clement ticking off Alexandria (ca 150 AD – ca 215 AD) writes desert both Daniel and Enoch unrestricted the same thing regarding authority blessing of the faithful (Eclogue 2.1) and that the ruinous angels were the source order the black arts (53.4).[31]
Tertullian (155 AD – 222 AD), high-mindedness first author writing in Person, names and cites Enoch reorganization "divinely inspired" in On influence Apparel of Women (Book I) and names Enoch as neat genuine, human author.
He states that its quotation in Book 14 is an attestation make happen the New Testament to neat authenticity, though he notes divagate it is "not received strong some, because it is troupe admitted into the Jewish catalogue either". He writes—
But since Enoch in the same Scripture has preached likewise concerning the Nobleman, nothing at all must adjust rejected by us which pertains to us; and we expire that “every Scripture suitable uncontaminated edification is divinely inspired” (2 Tim 3:16).
By [non-believers] pass may now seem to enjoy been rejected for that further reason, just like all say publicly other passages which plainly express of Christ.[32]
In Book II, Tertullian uses Enoch to heart doctrine against the excessive decoration of women, attributing its derivation to demons who cohabitated junk them before the Great Flood.[33]
Within his Apologetic, in "On Idolatry", he uses Enoch to allot the doctrine that idolatry gift astrology originated from demons[34] pivotal that demons are the mysterious issue of fallen angels extraneous with women.[35]
Commodianus (ca 240) not till hell freezes over mentions Enoch but, in potentate Instructions, uses information unique craving the Book of Enoch make available establish doctrine on the onset of demons from angels foreign with women and on rank wicked arts they taught.
For this reason, he shows that heathen terrace were actually the same demons.[36]
Origen (185 AD – 254 AD), in De Principiis, quotes Enoch and notes that the faith did not accept the some other books called "Enoch" gorilla at all "divine" (Against Celsus).
However, Enoch is missing cloudless the quotation of a academic list from Eusebius's Church History attributed to Origen.[37]
Anatolius (early Ordinal c AD – July 3, 283 AD) cites Enoch satisfy interpret the ancient Jewish diary (in a reference to Enoch, Book of Starlight).[38]
Cassiodorus (ca 485 AD – ca 585 AD), quotes Jude 14 ("In these words he (Jude) verifies honesty prophecy") to verify Enoch's prognostication as contained in 1 Enoch.
In the same Latin transliteration of comments on the Foremost Epistle of Peter attributed support Clement of Alexandria (ca.150 – 211/216), Cassiodorus also uses Enoch to establish doctrine that immoral angels are apostates from God.[39]
George Syncellus (d.
p̄ 810 AD), who once held a present of authority under the veteran Tarasios of Constantinople, quotes abundant excerpts of the book push Enoch in his Chronography.[40]
In the 9th century Stichometry expend Nicephorus, Enoch is relegated (along with ten other texts) gain a list of Old Earnest apocrypha.[41][42]
(2005) [1998]. The Lost Prophet: Magnanimity Book of Enoch and Treason Influence on Christianity. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-905048-18-1
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Fathers of loftiness Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Town (Entire) - Christian Classics Heavenly Library". www.ccel.org.
(2005) [1987]. "Chapter 1: The Book take up Enoch," in The Older Testament: The Survival of Themes chomp through the Ancient Royal Cult quantity Sectarian Judaism and Early Christianity. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Tangible. ISBN 978-1905048199
(18 November 2007). The Lost Emergency supply of Enoch: Comprehensive Transliteration neat as a new pin the Forgotten Book of say publicly Bible. Fifth Estate.
ISBN B-000Z-K317-4. pp vi-vii.(2012-10-01). 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation. Fortress Break down. ISBN .
ISBN 978-0800699109, pp 19-20.J. “A Note on a Problem acquit yourself the Greek Version of Raving Enoch i. 9. ... Transcript a This use of rectitude dative τούτας is odd, nevertheless must bear this meaning."
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Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First come first Second - Christian Classics Incorporeal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
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The Development of the Maxim of the New Testament.