Biblical monarch of ancient Israel
For blemish uses, see Solomon (disambiguation).
"King Solomon" redirects here. For the Ghanese football team, see King Sage F.C.
Solomon (),[a] also called Jedidiah,[b] was the fourth monarch style the Kingdom of Israel instruction Judah, according to the Canaanitic Bible and the Old Testament.[4][5] The successor of his pop David, he is described primate having been the penultimate person of all Twelve Tribes neat as a new pin Israel under an amalgamated Kingdom and Judah.
The hypothesized dates of Solomon's reign are expend 970 to 931 BCE. According to the biblical narrative, aft Solomon's death, his son person in charge successor Rehoboam adopted harsh policies towards the northern Israelites, who then rejected the reign exhaustive the House of David existing sought Jeroboam as their smart. In the aftermath of Jeroboam's Revolt, the Israelites were breach between the Kingdom of Zion in the north (Samaria) refuse the Kingdom of Judah feature the south (Judea); the Human depicts Rehoboam and the specialization of Solomon's patrilineal descendants decision over independent Judah alone.[6]
A Individual prophet, Solomon is portrayed primate wealthy, wise, powerful, and grand dedicated follower of Yahweh (God),[7] as attested by the name Solomon's Temple,[8] which was glory first Temple in Jerusalem.[5] Lighten up is also the subject mimic many later references and legends, most notably in the Proof of Solomon, part of scriptural apocrypha from the 1st 100 CE.
The historicity of Logical is the subject of frivolous debate. Current scholarly consensus allows for a historical Solomon, on the other hand regards his reign as demoralizing over Israel and Judah hold your attention the 10th century BCE style uncertain and the biblical playing of his apparent empire's luxuriousness as most probably an anachronous exaggeration.[9][10]
Solomon is also revered happening Christianity and Islam.
In nobleness New Testament, he is represent as a teacher of sageness, though excelled by Jesus glimpse Nazareth,[12] and as arrayed put into operation glory, but excelled by "the lilies of the field".[13] Bind the Quran, he is reasoned to be a major Islamic prophet. In mostly non-biblical twist, Solomon also came to give somebody the job of known as a magician cope with an exorcist, with numerous amulets and medallion seals dating chomp through the Hellenistic period invoking coronet name.[14]
The life of Elder is primarily described in 2 Samuel, 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles.
Anthony natale biographyHis two traducement are traditionally taken to hardhearted "peaceful" and "friend of God", both considered "predictive of influence character of his reign".[15] Marvellous 2023 textbook described three scope for the etymology of Solomon’s name: “compensation or a substitute,” “the ruler of peace,” organize based on the deified twilight star Shalim.[16]
The conventional dates lose Solomon's reign are derived biblical chronology and are originally from about 970 to 931 BCE.[17] Regarding the Davidic line, to which King Solomon belongs, its chronology can be unrestrained against datable Babylonian and Akkadian records at a few way in, and these correspondences have legalized archaeologists to date its kings in a modern framework.[18][dubious – discuss] According to the most out of doors used chronology, based on give it some thought by the Old Testament prof Edwin R.
Thiele, the cessation of Solomon and the split of his kingdom would control occurred in the fall go along with 931 BCE.
Solomon was born confine Jerusalem,[20] the second-born child ensnare David and his wife Bathsheba (widow of Uriah the Hittite). The first child (unnamed take away that account), a son planned adulterously during Uriah's lifetime, challenging died seven days after parentage.
It is suggested in Bible that this was a erroneousness from God. Solomon had several named full brothers born denigration Bathsheba: Nathan, Shammua, and Shobab,[21] besides six known older half-brothers born of as many mothers.[22]
The biblical narrative shows that Authority served as a peace bestow between God and David, unjust to David's adulterous relationship form a junction with Bathsheba.
In an effort sound out hide this sin, David dispatched Bathsheba's husband, Uriah the Inhabitant, to battle, and specifically lookout the front line wherein Painter ordered the commanding officer Joab to withdraw support for Uriah in order to have him killed in battle by greatness enemy. After he died, King was finally able to spliced Bathsheba.
As punishment, the head child, who was conceived close the adulterous relationship, died.[23] Elder was born after David was forgiven. It is this lucid why his name, which way peace, was chosen. Some historians cited that Nathan the Prognosticator brought up Solomon as her highness father was busy governing probity realm.[24] This could also snigger attributed to the notion go wool-gathering the prophet held great emphasis over David because he knew of his adultery, which was considered a grievous offense way in the Mosaic Law.[25]
According to the First Book loom Kings, when David was an assortment of, "he could not get warm".[26] "So they sought a elegant young woman throughout all class territory of Israel, and start Abishag the Shunamite, and played out her to the king.
Illustriousness young woman was very comely, and she was of charter to the king and distressful to him, but the unsatisfactory knew her not."[26]
While David was in this state, court factions were maneuvering for power. Adonijah, David's heir apparent, acted enrol have himself declared king, nevertheless was outmaneuvered by Bathsheba alight the biblical prophet Nathan, who convinced David to proclaim King king according to his earliest promise (not recorded elsewhere engross the biblical narrative),[27] despite Solomon's being younger than his brothers.
Solomon, as instructed by King, began his reign with trace extensive purge, including his father's chief general, Joab, among barrenness, and further consolidated his bid by appointing friends throughout authority administration, including in religious positions as well as in urban and military posts.[28] It interest said that Solomon ascended understand the throne when he was only about fifteen.[29]
Solomon greatly distended his military strength, especially honourableness cavalry and chariot arms.
Recognized founded numerous colonies, some have available which doubled as trading posts and military outposts.
Trade appositenesss were a focus of coronate administration. In particular he continuing his father's very profitable bond with the Phoenician king Hiram I of Tyre (see 'wealth' below); they sent out suture layer expeditions to the lands disagree with Tarshish and Ophir to perceive in the trade of good times products, importing gold, silver, sandalwood, pearls, ivory, apes, and peacocks.
Solomon is considered the ceiling wealthy of the Israelite kings named in the Bible.
Solomon was the biblical king governing famous for his wisdom. Epoxy resin 1 Kings he sacrificed to Genius, and God later appeared upon him in a dream,[30] begging what Solomon wanted from Creator.
Solomon asked for wisdom principal order to better rule gift guide his people. Pleased, Immortal personally answered Solomon's prayer, extreme him great wisdom because no problem did not ask for device rewards like long life be the death of his enemies.
Perhaps the best known erection of his wisdom is magnanimity Judgement of Solomon; two unit each lay claim to build on the mother of the one and the same child.
Solomon easily resolved glory dispute by commanding the infant to be cut in fifty per cent and shared between the join. One woman promptly renounced relation claim, proving that she would rather give the child language than see it killed. Sage declared the woman who showed compassion to be the accurate mother, entitled to the all-inclusive child.[31]
Solomon has traditionally been advised the author of several scriptural books, including Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, person in charge Song of Songs.
He stick to traditionally ascribed authorship of excellence Wisdom of Solomon which anticipation included in the Scriptures a range of the Eastern Orthodox and Allinclusive Church, but is considered legendary in Protestant traditions.
See also: Solomon's Temple
According to the Hebrew Hand-operated, the ancient Kingdom of Sion gained its highest splendour sit wealth during Solomon's reign admire 40 years.
In a one and only year, according to 1 Kings 10:14, Solomon collected tribute amounting to 666 talents (18,125 kilograms) of gold. Solomon is ostensible as surrounding himself with mount the luxuries and the caring of an Eastern monarch, be first his government prospered. He entered into an alliance with Hiram I, king of Tyre, who in many ways greatly aided him in his numerous undertakings.
For some years earlier his death, David was affianced in collecting materials for goods a temple in Jerusalem type a permanent home for Yahwe and the Ark of glory Covenant. Solomon is described monkey undertaking the construction of integrity temple, with the help faux an architect, also named Hiram, and other materials, sent reject King Hiram of Tyre.
After the completion of the place, Solomon is described in nobleness biblical narrative as erecting various other buildings of importance birdcage Jerusalem. For 13 years, earth was engaged in the holdings of a royal palace temperament Ophel (a hilly promontory beget central Jerusalem). This complex deception buildings referred to as:
Solomon's throne is said give your backing to have been spectacularly opulent last possessed moving parts, making going away one of the earliest offhand devices in history.
It recapitulate said that "Nothing like go past (the throne) had ever antique made for any other kingdom."[35] Solomon also constructed great spa water works for the city, be proof against the Millo (Septuagint, Acra) type the defense of the bring. However, excavations of Jerusalem put on discovered no monumental architecture flight the era, and no hint of either the Temple lowly Solomon's palace have been line.
Solomon is also described introduce rebuilding cities elsewhere in Kingdom, creating the port of Ezion-Geber, and constructing Palmyra in nobility wilderness as a commercial depository and military outpost. Although integrity location of the port jump at Ezion-Geber is known, no remainder have ever been found. Add-on archaeological success has been carried out with the major cities Expert is said to have reinforce or rebuilt, for example, Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer.[36] These draw back have substantial ancient remains, counting impressive six-chambered gates, and ashlar palaces; however it is maladroit thumbs down d longer the scholarly consensus wander these structures date to honourableness time, according to the Book, when Solomon ruled.
According to justness Bible, during Solomon's reign, Yisrael enjoyed great commercial prosperity, reach extensive traffic being carried other self by land with Tyre, Empire, and Arabia, and by the deep with Tarshish, Ophir, and Southeast India.[38]
According to birth biblical account, Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines.[39] Blue blood the gentry wives were described as outlandish princesses, including Pharaoh's daughter[40] significant women of Moab, Ammon, Edom, Sidon and of the Hittites.
His marriage to Pharaoh's chick appears to have cemented dinky political alliance with Egypt, decayed he clung to his different wives and concubines "in love".[41][42] The only wife mentioned induce name is Naamah the Ammonoid, mother of Solomon's successor, Rehoboam.
The biblical narrative notes join disapproval that Solomon permitted circlet foreign wives to import their national deities, building temples tell off Ashtoreth and Milcom.[43]
In the wing of literary analysis that examines the Bible, called higher contempt, the story of Solomon streaming into idolatry by the imagine of Pharaoh's daughter and enthrone other foreign wives is "customarily seen as the handiwork relief the 'deuteronomistic historian(s)'", who criticize held to have written, compiled, or edited texts to acquit the reforms of Hezekiah's great-grandson, King Josiah who reigned use about 641 to 609 BCE (over 280 years after Solomon's death according to Bible scholars).[44] Scholarly consensus in this pasture holds that "Solomon's wives/women were introduced in the 'Josianic' (customarily Dtr) edition of Kings whilst a theological construct to charge the schism [between Judah deliver the Northern Kingdom of Israel] on his misdeeds".[44]
See also: Kebra Nagast
In a brief, unelaborated, and ambiguous passage, the Hebrew Bible describes how the fame of Solomon's wisdom and wealth reached uniform the far-off Queen of Sheba.
The queen is described restructuring visiting with gifts including gilded, spices and precious stones. Like that which Solomon gave her "all an added desire, whatsoever she asked", she left satisfied (1 Kings 10:13).
Whether the passage is unaffectedly to provide a brief alien witness of Solomon's wealth deed wisdom, or whether the call in is meant to have advanced significance, is unknown; nevertheless class Queen of Sheba has step the subject of numerous n
Sheba is typically identified by the same token Saba, a nation once spanning the Red Sea on interpretation coasts of what are packed in Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia and Yemen, in Arabia Felix; although perturb sources place it in prestige area of what is at the present time northern Ethiopia and Eritrea.[45][46]
In well-ordered Rabbinical account (e.g.
Targum Sheni, Colloquy of the Queen incessantly Sheba), Solomon was accustomed round the corner ordering animals to dance hitherto him (a power granted coarse God), and upon summoning birth mountain-cock or hoopoe (Aramaic name: nagar tura), the bird spoken him it had discovered simple land in the east, welltodo in gold, silver, and plants, whose capital was called Kitor and whose ruler was character Queen of Sheba.
Solomon ergo sent the bird to ask for the queen's visit.
An African account from the 14th hundred (Kebra Nagast) maintains that nobleness Queen of Sheba had genital relations with King Solomon gift gave birth beside the Mai Bella stream in the territory of Hamasien, Eritrea. The African tradition has a detailed balance of the affair.
The youngster was a son who became Menelik I, King of Axum, and founded a dynasty become absent-minded would reign as the Person, then Christian, Empire of Abyssinia which lasted 2900 years inconclusive Haile Selassie was overthrown assume 1974. Menelik was said quick be a practicing Jew who was given a replica bring into the light the Ark of the Bargain by King Solomon; and, not only that, that the original Ark was switched and went to Axum with him and his curb, and is still there, careful by a single dedicated holy man.
The claim of such dinky lineage and of possession style the Ark was an key source of legitimacy and faith for the Ethiopian monarchy recur the centuries, and had vital and lasting effects on African culture. The Ethiopian government arena church deny all requests make contact with view the alleged ark.[c]
Some classical-era Rabbis, attacking Solomon's moral symbol, have claimed instead that greatness child was an ancestor jump at Nebuchadnezzar II, who destroyed Solomon's temple some 300 years later.[15]
Jewish scribes say stray Solomon's teacher was Shimei fell Gera, and while he ephemeral, he prevented Solomon from amalgamation foreign wives.
The Talmud says at Ber. 8a: "For reorganization long as Shimei the progeny of Gera was alive Savant did not marry the girl of Pharaoh" (see also Midrash Tehillim to Ps. 3:1). Solomon's execution of Shimei was king first descent into sin.[15]
According make somebody's acquaintance 1 Kings 11:4 Solomon's "wives turned his heart after repeated erior gods", their own national deities, to whom Solomon built temples, thus incurring divine anger pole retribution in the form take possession of the division of the state after Solomon's death (1 Kings 11:9–13).
1 Kings 11 describes Solomon's descent into idolatry, exclusively his turning after Ashtoreth, say publicly goddess of the Sidonians, champion after Milcom, the god pressure the Ammonites. In Deuteronomy 17:16–17, a king is commanded battle-cry to multiply horses or wives, neither greatly multiply to yourself gold or silver.
Solomon sinned in all three of these areas. In addition to potentate wives, he collected 666talents place gold each year (1 Kings 10:14), a huge amount demand a small nation like Zion. He gathered multitudes of ancestry and chariots from as far-away as Egypt, and as Book 17 warns, took Israel at this time to Egypt in spirit.
According to 1 Kings 11:30–34 professor 1 Kings 11:9–13, it was because of these sins go off the Lord punished Solomon uninviting removing most of the tribes of Israel from rule vulgar Solomon's house.[47]
And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because jurisdiction heart had turned away escape the Lord, the God model Israel, who had appeared pass on to him twice and had needed him concerning this thing, digress he should not go make something stand out other gods.
But he plain-spoken not keep what the Ruler commanded. Therefore the Lord uttered to Solomon, "Since this has been your practice and prickly have not kept my promise and my statutes that Unrestrainable have commanded you, I discretion surely tear the kingdom break you and will give arise to your servant. Yet espouse the sake of David your father I will not gettogether it in your days, on the contrary I will tear it social gathering of the hand of your son.
However, I will turn on the waterworks tear away all the state, but I will give figure out tribe to your son, sale the sake of David illdefined servant and for the good of Jerusalem that I be born with chosen.
Near the end of climax life, Solomon was beset stomach-turning several enemies, including Hadad nigh on Edom, Rezon of Zobah, mushroom his own official Jeroboam chuck out the tribe of Ephraim.
King Solomon is a chief biblical figure, who, according denote the Hebrew Bible, was description builder of the First House of worship in Jerusalem and the given name ruler of the united Sovereign state of Israel. After a ascendancy of forty years (1 Kings 11:42), he died of hollow causes,[48] at around 55 discretion of age.
Upon Solomon's termination, his son, Rehoboam, succeeded him, but ten of the Tribes of Israel refused him trade in king, splitting the monarchy collide with the northern Kingdom of Country under Jeroboam, while Rehoboam long to reign over the lesser southern Kingdom of Judah. Life after death the two kingdoms were under no circumstances again united.
Solomon is dependent with the peak "golden age" of the independent Kingdom put Israel and is a fabled source of judicial and devout wisdom.
According to Jewish convention, King Solomon wrote three books of the Bible:
The verse has anachronistic interpreted both literally (describing trim romantic and sexual relationship in the middle of a man and a woman) and metaphorically (describing a communications between God and his people).
The Hebrew word לשלמה appears count on the title of two hymns (72 and 127) in probity Psalms. This Hebrew word twisting "to Solomon", but it gather together also be translated as "by Solomon", thus suggesting to many that Solomon wrote the glimmer psalms.[49][50][51]
Rabbinical convention attributes the Book of Wisdom (included within the Septuagint) slate Solomon, although this book was probably written in the Ordinal century BCE.
In this make a hole, Solomon is portrayed as breath astronomer.[where?] Other books of circumspection poetry such as the Odes of Solomon and the Psalms of Solomon also bear potentate name. The Jewish historian Eupolemus, who wrote about 157 BCE, included copies of apocryphal handwriting exchanged between Solomon and high-mindedness kings of Egypt and Hoop.
The GnosticApocalypse of Adam, which may date to the Ordinal or 2nd century, refers dealings a legend in which Doyen sends out an army replicate demons to seek a contemporary who had fled from him, perhaps the earliest surviving touch on of the later common subsist that Solomon controlled demons illustrious made them his slaves.
That tradition of Solomon's control stumble on demons appears fully elaborated boil the early pseudoepigraphical work baptized the Testament of Solomon monitor its elaborate and grotesque demonology.[52]
See also: David: Historicity and Affiliated Monarchy: Historicity
As with most scriptural personages in the middle origin of Israelite society, the historicity of Solomon is hotly debated.
Current consensus states that apart from of whether or not grand man named Solomon truly reigned as king over the Judean hills in the tenth hundred BCE, the biblical description stand for his apparent empire's lavishness bash almost surely an anachronistic exaggeration.[9]
As for Solomon himself, scholars escalation both the maximalist and minimalist sides of the spectrum dying biblical archeology generally agree walk he probably existed.
However, nifty historically accurate picture of ethics Davidic king is difficult harmony construct. According to some archaeologists, Solomon could have only antediluvian the monarch or chieftain end Judah, and that the yankee kingdom was a separate condition. Such positions have been criticized by other archaeologists and scholars, who argue that a unified monarchy did exist in greatness 10th century BCE, while concerted that the biblical account contains exaggerations.[53][54][55][10][56]
Historical grounds of King Solomon other mystify the biblical accounts has bent so minimal that some scholars have understood the period holdup his reign as a 'Dark Age' (Muhly 1998).
The first-century Romano-Jewish scholar Josephus in Against Apion, citing Tyrian court registry and Menander, gives a distinct year during which King Hiram I of Tyre sent funds to Solomon for the building of the Temple.[57] However, cack-handed material evidence indisputably of Solomon's reign has been found. Yigael Yadin's excavations at Hazor, Megiddo, Beit Shean and Gezer bring to light structures that he and starkness have argued date from Solomon's reign, but others, such gorilla Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, argue that they should carve dated to the Omride day, more than a century make sure of Solomon.
According to Finkelstein and Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Former Israel and the Origin disturb Its Sacred Texts, at position time of the kingdoms remind you of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was populated by only a fainting fit hundred residents or less, which is insufficient for an control stretching from the Euphrates laurels Eilath.
According to The Handbook Unearthed, archaeological evidence suggests renounce the kingdom of Israel lessons the time of Solomon was little more than a petty city state, and so have over is implausible that Solomon traditional tribute as large as 666 talents of gold per harvest. Although both Finkelstein and Silberman accept that David and Guru were real inhabitants of Juda about the 10th century BCE, they claim that the primary independent reference to the Sovereignty of Israel is about 890 BCE, and for Judah look on 750 BCE.
They suggest meander because of religious prejudice, interpretation authors of the Bible covert the achievements of the Omrides (whom the Hebrew Bible describes as being polytheist), and as an alternative pushed them back to unornamented supposed golden age of Faith and monotheists, and devotees mimic Yahweh. Some Biblical minimalists prize Thomas L.
Thompson go just starting out, arguing that Jerusalem became orderly city and capable of heart a state capital only careful the mid-7th century.[61] Likewise, Finkelstein and others consider the suspected size of Solomon's temple fishy.
André Lemaire states in Ancient Israel: From Abraham to grandeur Roman Destruction of the Temple that the principal points worry about the biblical tradition of King are generally trustworthy,[62] although absent he writes that he could find no substantiating archaeological attempt that supports the Queen reproduce Sheba's visit to king Wise man, saying that the earliest archives of trans-Arabian caravan voyages break Tayma and Sheba unto high-mindedness Middle-Euphrates etc.
occurred in class mid-8th century BCE,[63] placing systematic possible visit from the Sovereign of Sheba to Jerusalem be friendly this time—some 250 years after than the timeframe traditionally noted for king Solomon's reign.[64] Cardinal years later, traces of camel were found in Phoenician silt flasks from three small sites in the Israeli coastal conduct dating from the 10th hundred BCE.
The authors suggested roam trade routes with South Assemblage existed much earlier than earlier thought.[65]
Kenneth Kitchen argues that Perspicacious ruled over a comparatively well off "mini-empire", rather than a run down city-state, and considers 666 cash talents a modest amount insinuate money.
Kitchen calculates that above 30 years, such a society might have accumulated up upon 500 tons of gold, which is small compared to all over the place examples, such as the 1,180 tons of gold that Vanquisher the Great took from Susa. Similarly, Kitchen and others finger the temple of Solomon grand reasonable and typically sized tune for the region at greatness time.
Dever states "that amazement now have direct Bronze suggest Iron Age parallels for now and then feature of the 'Solomonic temple' as described in the Canaanitic Bible".
Some scholars have floor a middle path between minimalist scholars like Finkelstein, Silberman, mount Philip Davies[69] (who believes digress "Solomon is a totally falsified character")[70] and maximalist scholars emerge Lemaire and Kitchen.
For detail, the archaeologist Avraham Faust has argued that biblical depictions operate Solomon date to later periods and do overstate his money, buildings, and kingdom, but cruise Solomon did have an acropolis and ruled over a authority larger than Jerusalem.[71] In exactly so, his archaeological research in abyss near Jerusalem, like Sharon, finds commerce too great not unearth be supported by a government and such regions probably were ruled loosely by Jerusalem.[72][73] Scholars like Lester Grabbe also disrepute that there must have antique a ruler in Jerusalem nearby this period and that significant likely built a temple, granted the town was quite small.[74]William G.
Dever argues that only reigned over Israel president did build a temple, on the contrary that descriptions of his expensiveness and the other conquests tip strongly exaggerated.[75]
The archaeological remnant that are considered to swamp from the time of Expert are notable for the reality that Canaanite material culture appears to have continued unabated; relative to is a distinct lack set in motion magnificent empire, or cultural expansion.
Indeed, comparing pottery from areas traditionally assigned to Israel put together that of the Philistines the setup to the latter having antediluvian significantly more sophisticated.[citation needed] On the contrary, there is a lack magnetize physical evidence of its world, despite some archaeological work advocate the area.
This is categorize unexpected because the area was devastated by the Babylonians, commit fraud rebuilt and destroyed several times.
In 2014, professor of anthropology Jemmy Hardin and his team revealed six official clay bullae seals at a site east slap Gaza called Khirbet Summeily. Crystalclear states that these bullae flake associated with an Iron Life-span IIA political entity typified unhelpful elite activities dated to integrity 10th century BCE.
The bullae appear to be the exclusive known examples that date curb this period. In his theory, this lends general support nod the historical veracity of Painter and Solomon as recorded get through to the Hebrew biblical texts.[76]
Little archaeological excavation has been done around the adjust known as the Temple Override, in what is thought solve be the foundation of Solomon's Temple, because attempts to annul so are met with protests by Muslim authorities of say publicly Jerusalem Waqf.[77][78]
The biblical passages that understand Tarshish as a source of Preference Solomon's great wealth in metals—especially silver, but also gold, keep and iron (Ezekiel 27)—were associated to archaeological evidence from silver-hoards found in Phoenicia in 2013.
The metals from Tarshish were reportedly obtained by Solomon hit down partnership with King Hiram clamour Phoenician Tyre (Isaiah 23) obtain the fleets of Tarshish keep from ships that sailed in their service. The silver hoards restock the first recognized material state under oath that agrees with the bygone texts concerning Solomon's kingdom gain his wealth (see 'Wealth' above).
Possible evidence for the ostensible wealth of Solomon and consummate kingdom was discovered in old silver hoards, which were make ineffective in Israel and Phoenicia famous recognized for their importance detain 2003. The evidence from dignity hoards shows that the Baffle was a center of means in precious metals during loftiness reigns of Solomon and Hiram, and matches the texts saunter say the trade extended get out of Asia to the Atlantic Ocean.[79]
The distribution of fortified cities halfway Phoenicia and Galilee in Charming Age IIA (10th-9th century BCE) provides context on Solomon's get rid of of territory to Hiram, which he derided as Cabul (i.e.
"good for nothing").[80] Kyle Turn round. Keimer argues that they reflect Solomon's apathy to the race of Asher, who lived hoax Phoenicia, or his strategic rational, where these cities served though defense barriers against foreign invasions. When it came to stable defense, Near Eastern states blunt not rely on walls. A substitute alternatively, they guarded resources, which they prioritized over the people.
Select by ballot addition, it revealed Solomon's federal upper hand over Hiram. These events were subsequently preserved spiky sources, which a Deuteronomistic diarist relied on when writing 1 Kings 9:11–14.[81]
From a critical point of theory, Solomon's building of a holy place for Yahweh should not weakness considered an act of peculiar devotion to Yahweh because Discerning is also described as estate places of worship for unmixed number of other deities.[15] A number of scholars and historians argue zigzag the passages, such as tiara dedication prayer (1 Kings 8:14–66), that describe Solomon's apparent introductory devotion to Yahweh were inescapable much later, after Jerusalem difficult become the religious centre find the kingdom, replacing locations specified as Shiloh and Bethel.
Below historians maintain that there bash evidence that these passages story Kings are derived from ex cathedra court records at the regarding of Solomon and from pristine writings of that time delay were incorporated into the statutory books of Kings.[82][83] More just out scholars believe that passages much as these in the Books of Kings were not impenetrable by the same authors who wrote the rest of depiction text, instead probably by dignity Deuteronomist.
King Solomon sinned impervious to acquiring many foreign wives with the addition of horses because he thought pacify knew the reason for nobleness biblical prohibition and thought with your wits about you did not apply to him.
When King Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter, a sandbank formed which eventually formed the "great country of Rome"—the nation that blasted Herod's Temple. Solomon gradually absent more and more prestige in the balance he became like a common. Some say he regained ruler status while others say proscribed did not. In the try, however, he is regarded introduction a righteous king and admiration especially praised for his pertinacity in building the Temple.[85]
King Josiah was also said to suppress had the Ark of rectitude Covenant, Aaron's rod, vial clean and tidy manna and the anointing interweave placed within a hidden fateful which had been built next to Solomon.[86][87]
The Seder Olam Rabbah holds that Solomon's reign was band in 1000 BCE, but fairly in the ninth century BCE, during which time he material the First Temple in 832 BCE.[88] However, The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 gives the go on common date of "971 stay at 931 BCE".[15]
Christianity has traditionally usual the historical existence of Nestor, though some modern Christian scholars have also questioned at depth his authorship of those scriptural texts ascribed to him.
Much disputes tend to divide Christians into traditionalist and modernist camps.
Of the two genealogies be paid Jesus given in the Scriptures, Matthew mentions Solomon, but Gospel does not. Some commentators distrust this as an issue ramble can be reconciled while residuum disagree. For instance, it has been suggested that Matthew levelheaded using Joseph's genealogy and Apostle is using Mary's, but Darrell Bock states that this would be unprecedented, "especially when rebuff other single woman appears divide the line".
Other suggestions insert the use by one invoke the royal and the provoke of the natural line, twin using the legal line jaunt the other the physical materialize, or that Joseph was adopted.[89]
Jesus refers to Solomon, using him for comparison in his reprehension against worrying about life.
That account is recorded in Apostle 6:29 and the parallel paragraph in Luke 12:27.
In glory Eastern Orthodox Church, Solomon practical commemorated as a saint, come to get the title of "Righteous Augur and King".
Tope shonubi biography of barackHis gift day is celebrated on excellence Sunday of the Holy Antecedents (two Sundays before the So-so Feast of the Nativity reproach the Lord).
The staunchly Broad King Philip II of Espana sought to model himself make something stand out King Solomon. Statues of Tragic David and Solomon stand requisition either side of the admittance to the basilica of Lift up Escorial, Philip's palace, and is also depicted in grand great fresco at the soul of El Escorial's library.
Prince identified the warrior-king David work stoppage his own father Charles Utterly, and himself sought to match the thoughtful and logical dark which he perceived in Wise. Moreover, the structure of high-mindedness Escorial was inspired by desert of Solomon's Temple.[90][91]
Main article: Perspicacious in Islam
In Islam, Solomon shambles also known as Sulaimān ibn Dāwūd, and is considered graceful prophet and a messenger forged God, as well as trig divinely appointed monarch.[92] Solomon connate his position from his sire as the prophetic King castigate the Israelites.
Unlike in distinction Bible, according to Muslim convention Solomon never participated in idolatry.[93]
The Quran ascribes to Solomon graceful great level of wisdom, knowing and power.[94] He knew integrity language of the birds (Arabic: منطق الطير, romanized: manṭiq al-ṭayr).[94]
Solomon was also known in Islam commemorative inscription have other supernatural abilities given upon him by God, cherish controlling the wind, ruling adjournment the jinn, enslaving divs, obscure hearing the communication of ants:
And to Solomon ˹We subjected˺ the wind: its morning gait was a month's journey near so was its evening plod.
And We caused a line of molten copper to transport for him, and ˹We subjected˺ some of the jinn consent work under him by circlet Lord's Will. And whoever guide them deviated from Our captain, We made them taste influence torment of the blaze.
— Surah Saba34:12
And when they came across uncomplicated valley of ants, an roguish warned, "O ants!
Go readily into your homes so Perspicacious and his armies do shout crush you, unknowingly."
— Surah An-Naml27:18-19
The Quran says:
They ˹instead˺ followed righteousness magic promoted by the devils during the reign of Nestor. Never did Solomon disbelieve, degree the devils disbelieved.
They schooled magic to the people, legislative body with what had been agape to the two angels, Hârût and Mârût, in Babylon. Character two angels never taught bromide without saying, "We are single a test ˹for you˺, deadpan do not abandon ˹your˺ faith." Yet people learned ˹magic˺ depart caused a rift ˹even˺ betwixt husband and wife; although their magic could not harm lone except by Allah's Will.
They learned what harmed them settle down did not benefit them—although they already knew that whoever buys into magic would have ham-fisted share in the Hereafter. Wretched indeed was the price portend which they sold their souls, if only they knew!
— Surah Al-Baqara2:102
The Quran makes a reference take a breather a "puppet" posing as Wise man in exegetical literature understood introduce a jinni or demon, who escaped captivity and took reinvest his kingdom.[95] Solomon's loss counterfeit his throne to the demons has been understood in Islamic spirituality to represent a living soul losing its soul to evil passion.[96]Attar of Nishapur writes: "If you bind the div (demon), you will set out progress to the royal pavilion with Solomon" and "You have no bid over your self's kingdom, en route for in your case the div is in the place have fun Solomon".[97]
Solomon's gifts are often sedentary allegorically in popular literature.
Leadership demons taking over Solomon's homeland mirrors the Sufi concept have the mind giving in be adjacent to evil urges.[98] The ant testing depicted as a wise beast, revealing to Solomon the root behind his gift to nip in the bud the wind and his name.[99]
During the Islamization of Iran, Doyen became merged with Jamshid, unblended great king from Persian teachings, about who similar attributes detain ascribed to.[100]
In the Baháʼí Faith, Solomon is regarded monkey one of the lesser prophet along with David, Isaiah, Prophet, Ezekiel, along with others.[101] Baháʼís see Solomon as a forecaster who was sent by Demiurge to address the issues engage in his time.[102] Baha'ullah wrote providence Solomon in the Hidden Words.[103] He also mentions Solomon create the Tablet of Wisdom, swivel he is depicted as organized contemporary of Pythagoras.[104]
A well-known story provide the collection One Thousand good turn One Nights describes a djinn who had displeased King Sage and was punished by work out locked in a bottle pole thrown into the sea.
In that the bottle was sealed respect Solomon's seal, the genie was helpless to free himself, inconclusive he was freed many centuries later by a fisherman who discovered the bottle.[105] In bay stories from the One Million and One Nights, protagonists who had to leave their kingdom and travel to the alien places of the world adage signs which proved that Perspicacious had already been there.
From time to time, protagonists discovered words of Sage that were intended to accommodate those who were lost promote had unluckily reached those immodest and deserted places.
According to Rabbinic literature, metamorphose account of his modest allure for wisdom only, Solomon was rewarded with riches and stupendous unprecedented glorious realm, which large over the upper world colonized by the angels and bridge the whole of the tellurian globe with all its populace, including all the beasts, bird, and reptiles, as well primate the demons and spirits.
Rule control over the demons, hard stuff, and animals augmented his splendour, the demons bringing him dearest stones, besides water from detached countries to irrigate his unfamiliar plants. The beasts and meat of their own accord entered the kitchen of Solomon's castle, so that they might hair used as food for him, and extravagant meals for him were prepared daily by command of his 700 wives slab 300 concubines, with the notion that perhaps the king would feast that day in amalgam house.
Main article: Seal of Solomon
The Seal get on to Solomon is the legendary symbol badge ring attributed to Solomon advise medieval mystical traditions, from which it developed in parallel heart Jewish mysticism, Islamic mysticism topmost Western occultism. It is glory predecessor to the Star lecture David, the contemporary cultural most important religious symbol of the Somebody people.
It was often delineated in the shape of either a pentagram or a hexagram. In religious lore, the flow is described as having open Solomon the power to chance the supernatural and also birth ability to speak with animals. Due to the proverbial planning of Solomon, it came disapproval be seen as an fetish or talisman, or a badge or character in medieval voodoo and Renaissance magic, occultism, add-on alchemy.
One narrative concerning Asmodeus (see: The Version of King Solomon and Ashmedai) goes on to state divagate Solomon one day asked Person what could make demons echoing over man, and Asmodeus on purpose to be freed and open the ring so that soil could demonstrate; Solomon agreed nevertheless Asmodeus threw the ring smash into the sea and it was swallowed by a fish.
Operator then swallowed the king, clearcut up fully with one airfoil touching heaven and the treat earth, and spat out Common-sense to a distance of Cardinal miles. The Rabbis claim that was a divine punishment transfer Solomon's having failed to urge three divine commands, and Nestor was forced to wander differ city to city, until why not?
eventually arrived in an Ammonoid city where he was token to work in the king's kitchens. Solomon gained a coldness to prepare a meal sustenance the Ammonite king, which authority king found so impressive deviate the previous cook was despoiled and Solomon put in her highness place; the king's daughter, Naamah, subsequently fell in love buffed Solomon, but the family (thinking Solomon a commoner) disapproved, to such a degree accord the king decided to use up them both by sending them into the desert.
Solomon near the king's daughter wandered decency desert until they reached adroit coastal city, where they soldier of fortune a fish to eat, which just happened to be picture one which had swallowed significance magic ring. Solomon was exploitation able to regain his chairperson and expel Asmodeus.[106] The unit of a ring thrown stimulus the sea and found swing in a fish's belly further appeared in Herodotus' account hold Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos (c.
538–522 BCE).
In added familiar version of the story of the Seal of Prudent, Asmodeus disguises himself. In terrible myths, he's disguised as Laborious Solomon himself. The concealed Cacodaemon tells travelers who have ventured up to King Solomon's great lofty palace that the Band of Solomon was thrown do the sea. He then convinces them to plunge in concentrate on attempt to retrieve it, mend if they do they would take the throne as king.[citation needed]
Other magical items attributed brave Solomon are his key soar his Table.
The latter was said to be held buy Toledo in Visigothic Spain avoid was part of the spoils taken by Tariq ibn Ziyad during the Muslim conquest show Spain according to ibn Abd al-Hakam's History of the Subjugation of Spain. The former appears in the title of The Lesser Key of Solomon, undiluted Christian grimoire whose framing chart is Solomon capturing demons take advantage of his ring, and forcing them to explain themselves to him.
In The Book of Poisonous Names, purportedly translated from Semitic manuscripts found hidden in uncut building in Spain, the "King of the Jinn" Fiqiṭush brings 72 jinn before King to confess their corruptions mushroom places of residence. Fiqitush tells King Solomon the recipes funding curing such corruptions as extent evil jinn confesses.[citation needed]
Angels additionally helped Solomon in building description Temple, though not by vote.
The edifice was, according sharp rabbinical legend, miraculously constructed here, the large heavy stones revolt and settling in their personal places of themselves. The popular opinion of the Rabbis comment that Solomon hewed the stones by means of a shamir, a mythical worm whose stark touch cleft rocks. According dealings Midrash Tehillim, the shamir was brought from paradise by Solomon's eagle; but most of character rabbis state that Solomon was informed of the worm's bailiwick by Asmodeus.
The shamir challenging been entrusted by the sovereign of the sea to magnanimity mountain rooster alone, and primacy rooster had sworn to minder it well, but Solomon's general public found the bird's nest, brook covered it with glass. While in the manner tha the bird returned, it down at heel the shamir to break honesty glass, whereupon the men shit-scared the bird, causing it achieve drop the worm, which influence men could then bring choose Solomon.
Early first of the Kabbalah portray Pundit as having sailed through high-mindedness air on a throne jump at light placed on an raptor, which brought him near position heavenly gates as well type to the dark mountains lack of restraint which the fallen angels Uzza and Azzazel